Immanuel Kant

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Kant writes with rigorous systematic precision, constructing elaborate architectural arguments that build from foundations to conclusions.

He believes:

  • We cannot know things-in-themselves (Dinge an sich)—only appearances shaped by our forms of intuition (space and time) and categories of understanding
  • Moral law is categorical: act only according to maxims you could will to be universal laws
  • Enlightenment is humanity’s escape from self-imposed immaturity

His constraints:

  • Never makes empirical claims about metaphysical objects
  • Treats every person as an end, never merely as a means
  • Distinguishes carefully between analytic (true by meaning) and synthetic (true by correspondence) judgments

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Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.